Garden plots are often found on household plots throughout Russian territory, and its second name is "Chinese." The culture is characterized by a variety of bud colors and sizes - from miniature to tall, striking with its luxurious crown.
Garden Chrysanthemum - what kind of flower is it, to which family belongs
The basis of modern varieties of chrysanthemum is Chrysanthemum morifolium, which is a member of the Asteráceae family. Shrub refers to varieties that bloom with the advent of autumn. It tolerates cold well and does not lose its buds even with the first frosts.
Perennial chrysanthemum
The first information about the culture was found in the works of Confucius, in the 5-6 century BC. At that time, she was more like her wild counterparts and had medium-sized flowers, painted in yellow. The plant has become the progenitor of modern hybrid varieties, to date there are about 3 thousand species.
Perennial shrub has a thick and branched root system, from which powerful shoots come out. The stems grow 25-120 cm thickly covered with leaf plates. Green foliage grows from 7 to 15 cm in length and from 4 to 8 cm - in width. Plates located on the upper and lower tiers differ in volume and shape. In some subspecies, long or short petioles, pubescence predominates on the wrong side.
Varieties of plants, popular winter-hardy varieties, how they look
Specialists distinguish several classifications of chrysanthemums due to the different approach to their selection. To the full and versatile include the Chinese version.
Classifications by flower size and height
According to the Chinese version of Chang Shu-lin, the division is carried out by size, into small-flowered and large-flowered subspecies. It is customary to distinguish about 25 classes:
- the first subgroup includes 8 types;
- to the second - 17 units.
Important! The difference is considered not only the difference in the volume of flowers, but the differences in the chromosome set, cultivation technique and other signs.
Small-flowered Chrysanthemum
Inflorescence classification
The division is carried out according to four options, in connection with the presence of tubular and reed flowers located in inflorescences:
- flat;
- anemone;
- tubular;
- spoon-shaped type.
Highlighting by varietal characteristics supplements the description with the number of certain buds, the ratio of their size, by other qualities. There are seven subgroups of plants with different petal colors:
- white
- bronze;
- yellowish;
- green
- reds;
- cream;
- purple.
Spherical chrysanthemum
There are two-tone varieties, with different tones of the inner and outer petals. According to the description of Wang Mao-sheng, in the culture, 9 variants of inflorescences can be distinguished:
- hairy - with slight pubescence in the lower parts of the corolla;
- radiant - radically symmetrical, more like feather-shaped;
- terry - the inflorescence has symmetry, the outer corollas are long, and the inner ones are short;
- osmanthus - similar to osmanthus flower;
- feather-shaped - with a large, medium and small volume;
- hemispherical and spherical - the flowers resemble balls in appearance;
- simple or semi-double - with wide corollas and slightly curved tips;
- grabbing - their corollas can be compared with thick tubes.
Important! The last option is dragon's claws, where the flowers at the tips have a dissection of up to 6 sectors, the petals look like feathers.
Flowering classification
In Japanese territories, preference is given to the classification of "Shinjuku" - the imperial park.
Its specialists prefer to divide into wild and cultural types. The latter are further divided into decorative and suitable as food (in the preparation of salads). Terry and other chrysanthemums (for decorating and decorating) are divided by maturity into winter, summer and autumn subspecies.
Important! A large group is considered autumn - it includes small-flowered, medium and large-flowered specimens.
Perennials and annuals
Annual varieties are characterized by small bud sizes (up to 4 cm in diameter) and several classes:
- keeled;
- multi-stalked;
- sowing;
- crowned.
Annuals have a long flowering period: from late June to November. The buds fade with persistent frost. Culture can be of different sizes: 25-70 cm.
Compared with single-season, bush perennials are larger in growth, can reach 150 cm. They are grown both in household plots and in pots. Large-flowered varieties are used as cutting material. The division is carried out by the time when they will bloom: early, middle and late type.
Annual chrysanthemum
Perennial chrysanthemums: planting and care in the open ground
To obtain a beautiful and healthy plant, you must first familiarize yourself with the literature on how to grow chrysanthemums in the garden, to care for the flower in the country or in the greenhouse.
It should be noted that these flowers are resistant to drought and cold, do not require special care in the garden. The list of exceptions includes only new hybrids with large flowers, which need to be more carefully looked after: more often, water and fertilize.
Important! Inexperienced gardeners often ask how to grow chrysanthemum - the rules depend on the variety.
Location selection
How to plant chrysanthemums correctly: the culture is completely dependent on light, if it is lacking, the quality of flowering may suffer. Shoots begin to stretch, buds begin to fade, in areas where other crops can live quietly.
The result will be an ugly and creeping shrub. In order to keep his perfect crown, he needs to plant young animals on the sunny side, with protection from gusty winds.
How to prepare the soil and flower for planting
Understanding the question of how to plant chrysanthemums, one must not forget about the quality of the earth.
Sandy or loamy soil with good drainage is required. Before work, they carefully dig it up and enrich it with humus. The soil must have a slightly acid reaction, peat is taken for mulching. Heavy and clay lands are prohibited - the shrub on them will quickly die.
Features of planting chrysanthemums in the winter
The pre-winter planting of bushes is carried out until September 15, young growth with closed roots is used for the procedure. This approach eliminates the need for prior training. If the roots are bare, then 24 hours before planting, treatment with Kornevin is carried out.
Chrysanthemum planting in open ground
The landing procedure step by step looks like this:
- Dig holes 40 cm in depth, between them leave gaps about this distance.
- On the bottom lay river coarse sand or screening - 5 cm.
- The substrate is altered with humus.
- Planting is carried out without deepening the shoots.
- For tall bushes prepare a support.
Important! After the procedure, abundant watering and mulching are carried out.
Watering rules and humidity
Long-lived bushes can live for a long time with drought, but are distinguished by sensitivity to its shortage. Insufficient irrigation leads to grinding buds and reducing their numbers. With insufficient watering, the shoots are covered with bark, and with its excess, the roots rot.
Irrigation is carried out with drying of 5-7 cm of the upper layer of the earth. In hot weather, soil moisture occurs more often, in cold weather less often.
Top dressing and soil quality
The lack of mineral elements provokes fading and lethargy of buds, and timely fertilizer helps to extend their life time and increase the total amount. Subcortex is carried out according to the schedule:
- after planting or in the spring - with nitrogen mixtures;
- in the middle of summer - potassium-phosphorus solutions.
Important! During one season, the shrub requires from 3 to 7 procedures, depending on the qualitative characteristics of the land. With insufficient amounts of phosphorus, powdery mildew damage occurs.
Fertilizers for chrysanthemums
Pruning and transplanting
For individual subspecies, an increase in their branching is required: when developing from 10 to 20 cm, pruning is performed. Cut tops (5-7 cm) are used for rooting. The remaining shoot should have at least 3 or 5 pairs of leaves.
Transplant operations are carried out on May or September days. They are made for rejuvenation of shrubs, reproduction or during the formation of a specific version of the flower garden.
Wintering flower
Careful preparation for winter is not required for perennial chrysanthemums (winter-hardy), planted in the southern regions. For the northern regions the following activities are carried out:
- hilling of bushes;
- cropping to 10 cm at the end of October;
- shelter with agrofibre after the arrival of stable frosts, with its fixing with weighting materials (boards, bricks).
Important! In September days, the last top dressing takes place before wintering with phosphorus-potassium compounds. Nitrogen fertilizers are not used.
Features of flowering plants
Different culture variations may vary the timing of the formation of buds and their characteristics.
Period of activity and rest
At the beginning of flowering of the shrub, the apical buds are the first to open, then the process covers the entire plant (from top to bottom). The duration of budding is from 2 weeks to several months.
Important! The hibernation of the culture captures November-March (some bushes rest until April). You can determine the awakened plant by the appearance of young shoots.
Types and shape of flowers
Chrysanthemums are tall, dwarf, and medium in size; for the tallest, support is required.
Separate, prone to fall, shrubs, tied up with the advent of spring.
Important! Botanists divide the culture according to the shape of flowering: cut-off (with a single stalk and a large basket, up to 20 cm across) and multi-flowered.
Care after flowering
Withered buds are carefully cut, leaving flower stalks before the onset of frost. Attempts to complete excision will lead to serious problems: the rhizomes will not be able to lay the buds for the next season due to lack of nutrients, the source of which is the green part.
Flower propagation methods
Gardeners prefer to use cuttings, seed method and division of the mother bush.
Propagation by cuttings
To obtain scraps, use bouquets or adult shrubs. In the first case, you need to remove the flowers, and put the cuttings in water. After a few weeks, they will form roots and they can be planted in open ground.
Self-cutting of material from the bush is carried out in May. Healthy specimens are suitable for the procedure, cut off shoots are sent to a depth of 5 cm (to pre-excavated areas). Top they are covered with a scrap of plastic bottle. By the end of the month, the seedlings that have taken root will give the first leaves.
Propagation by cuttings
Seed propagation
The seed method involves planting material on seedlings. After 2-5 weeks (time depends on varietal characteristics), the first sprouts will appear. Until May days, seedlings are grown at home, then sent to a personal plot.
How to plant a chrysanthemum and achieve its flowering: seed material in the middle lane almost never ripens. To obtain it, pruning shoots with buds is carried out, sending them to a pot of water. After a while, the seeds ripen safely.
Growing problems, diseases and pests
Known diseases include:
- viral damage by dwarfism, greening of inflorescences, mosaic - pathologies are incurable, affected shoots are excised and burned;
- powdery mildew - appears during the cold and rainy season, insufficient phosphorus-potassium elements or an excess of phosphorus, diseased shrubs are treated with fungicidal solutions;
- rust - comes along with warm and humid weather, is determined by yellowish-green spotting on the foliage, which eventually turns brown, the treatment includes treatment with Bordeaux fluid and Topaz;
- Septoria - spreads from the lower to the upper, appears black spots, occurs when there is a lack of sun and waterlogging of the soil, requires a reduction in watering and improved lighting;
- gray rot - is determined by the characteristic grayish spots on the green part of the plant, with a transition to a brownish tone, treatment is carried out by fungicides.
Septoria Chrysanthemum
Known parasitic insects are:
- nematode - damages not only the green parts of the bush, but also the roots, requires prolonged treatment of plants with special agents: Phosphamide, Mercaptophos;
- spider mite - due to the suction of the juice of the bush by a parasite, it begins to dry quickly, its presence can be determined by the web covering the stems and foliage, the treatment is carried out by Fitoverm or Aktelik;
- aphids - the parasite often carries viral pathologies and is one of the causes of death of the bush, the plant requires repeated treatment with insecticides.
The perennial garden chrysanthemum belongs to the luxurious decorations of the infield, but you can also love small indoor varieties. Which option is better: you can plant street mixes or potted chrysanthemums with burgundy buds. Each person has their own preferences, and why it is impossible to give an exact answer to this question.
